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This report does not offer interpretations of, nor normative judgments on, specific policy measures or the positions of individual regulators or overseers. This disclaimer applies uniformly to all business models referenced herein. All references to specific firms are based solely on publicly available information and are used for analytical purposes only. Within this scope, this report has examined the prospective KRWX ecosystem and its implications for Korea's domestic and cross-border payment landscape by analysing observed stablecoin market structures, operational practices, and legislative interfaces (KRWX is used in this report as a generic shorthand for a KRW-denominated stablecoin). Rather than approaching stablecoins as purely technological instruments, the report has treated them as institutional market arrangements whose behaviour is shaped primarily by intermediary design, legal framing, and participation structure. Across both domestic and international settings, real-world stablecoin usage indicates that activity is concentrated within organised market segments serviced by a limited group of keystone species - issuers, exchanges, banks, and other regulated intermediaries - rather than by unrestricted peer-to-peer networks. This structural feature implies that key risks relating to liquidity, compliance, and operational resilience tend to materialise at identifiable institutional nodes. As long as stablecoin flows enter or exit through these nodes, payment activity remains, to varying degrees, observable, attributable, and governable, notwithstanding the decentralised nature of on-chain settlement layers. The analysis further demonstrates that large-scale stablecoin ecosystems rely on a functional separation between wholesale issuance and redemption, and retail-level circulation. This two-tier market structure has emerged not as a regulatory artefact, but as a practical response to scalability, liquidity management, and operational sustainability constraints. In such arrangements, par redemption obligations are typically confined to qualified wholesale counterparties, while retail prices fluctuate modestly around reference values through market-making and liquidity conditions. This distinction has material implications for how stablecoins are understood legally and economically, particularly when contrasted with regulated liabilities such as e-money, tokenised deposits, or central bank money. In the Korean context, the report highlights that legislative recognition of KRWX market structure will be a foundational determinant of its viability. How KRWX is defined, how KRW-KRWX convertibility is prescribed, and whether par redemption rights extend beyond the wholesale segment will directly shape incentives for issuers, exchanges, and end--users. International experience suggests that treating stablecoins as market--priced digital assets with payment instrument features - rather than as full-retail monetary liabilities - has enabled ecosystems such as USDT and USDC to scale without destabilising issuer liquidity or intermediary business models. While these experiences are not directly transferable, they provide relevant analytical reference points. With respect to cross-border payments, the report emphasises that technical feasibility does not equate to practical adoption. Global stablecoin liquidity remains overwhelmingly concentrated in USD-denominated instruments, and cross-border crypto flows continue to depend on institutional access to wholesale issuance, redemption, and banking corridors. Within this environment, KRWX is likely to remain primarily domestic in scope, while FX-denominated stablecoins may present distinct opportunities for Korean VASPs, subject to legal clarity and regulatory alignment. A critical legislative interface identified in the report concerns harmonisation between prospective KRWX legislation and the existing Foreign Exchange Transactions Act. Given that FX-denominated stablecoins already function as cross-border payment instruments in practice, the absence of a coherent legal framework governing their use by intermediaries represents a source of uncertainty. Clear articulation of legal definitions, licensing eligibility, compliance obligations, and transaction thresholds would be central to enabling responsible innovation and end-user satisfaction, while preserving regulatory oversight aligned with established foreign exchange principles. The report also notes that recent efficiency gains in correspondent banking and SWIFT-based payment systems complicate simplistic narratives regarding the superiority of stablecoins in cost and speed. Improvements driven by initiatives such as SWIFT gpi suggest that incumbent systems continue to evolve, particularly in major currency corridors. Any durable role for FX stablecoins in cross-border payments will therefore depend on whether they can deliver measurable and sustained advantages in speed, cost, transparency, and access relative to both current and evolving banking-based alternatives. Continued reliance on outdated narratives about bank inefficiency risks creating blind spots that may, over time, erode customer trust and loyalty. Taken together, the analysis suggests that the future impact of KRWX and FX stablecoins in Korea will be determined less by blockchain technology itself than by institutional design choices, legal clarity, and the behaviour of key market participants. By documenting current practices and plausible system interactions without advancing normative conclusions, this report aims to provide a structured analytical foundation for ongoing legislative and policy discussions.

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